Pulmonary TB in Dubai at DRHC

Overview:

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a significant public health concern due to its potential for rapid spread and serious health complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of pulmonary TB may develop gradually over weeks or months and can include:

• Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
• Fatigue and weakness
• Weight loss
• Fever and night sweats
• Loss of appetite

Transmission:

Pulmonary TB spreads through airborne particles when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Close and prolonged contact with an infected individual increases the risk of transmission.

Diagnosis:

Accurate and early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and control of TB. Diagnostic methods include:

• Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): Also known as the Mantoux test, where a small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin and checked for a reaction.
• Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): Blood tests that measure the immune system’s response to TB bacteria.
• Chest X-ray: To detect changes in the lungs indicative of TB.
• Sputum Tests: Microscopic examination and culture of sputum samples to identify TB bacteria.
• Molecular Tests: PCR-based tests that detect TB bacteria’s genetic material.

Treatment:

Pulmonary TB is treatable with a combination of antibiotics over an extended period, typically 6-9 months. The most common regimen includes:

• Initial Phase: Two months of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
• Continuation Phase: Four to seven months of isoniazid and rifampin.

Strict adherence to the treatment regimen is essential to prevent the development of drug-resistant TB.

Prevention:

Preventing the spread of pulmonary TB involves several strategies:

• Vaccination: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides some protection, particularly in children.
• Infection Control: Implementing airborne precautions in healthcare settings, including isolation of infected patients.
• Public Health Measures: Prompt identification and treatment of active TB cases and screening of high-risk populations.
• Education: Raising awareness about TB transmission and encouraging early medical consultation for symptoms.